Gaya confederacy

가야(加倻)
Gaya confederacy
←
42–562 →
Capital Not specified
Language(s) Old Korean
Religion Buddhism, Korean shamanism
Government Monarchy, Union
 - ? - 562 Doseolji
Historical era Ancient
 - Formation of Byeonhan confederacy Formation of Unified Silla
 - Establishment 42
 - Submission to Silla 562
Gaya confederacy

Duck-shaped pottery from Gaya, 5th or 6th century.
Korean name
Hangul 가야
Hanja 加耶 or 伽倻
Revised Romanization Gaya
McCune–Reischauer Kaya

Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea[1], growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period. The traditional period used by historians for Gaya chronology is 42 - 532 CE. According to archaeological evidence in the third and fourth centuries some of the city-states of Byeonhan evolved into the Gaya confederacy, which was later annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The individual polities that made up the Gaya confederacy have been characterized as small city-states.[2] The material culture remains of Gaya culture mainly consist of burials and their contents of mortuary goods that have been excavated by archaeologists. Archaeologists interpret mounded burial cemeteries of the late third and early fourth centuries such as Daeseong-dong in Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong in Busan as the royal burial grounds of Gaya polities[3].

Contents

Names

Although most commonly referred to as Gaya (가야; 加耶, 伽耶, 伽倻), probably due to the imprecision of transcribing Korean words into hanja, historical sources use a variety of names, including Kaya, Garak (가락; 駕洛, 迦落), Gara (가라; 加羅, 伽羅, 迦羅, 柯羅), Garyang (가량;加良), and Guya (구야; 狗耶)[4]. According to Christopher Beckwith, "The spelling Kaya is the modern Korean reading of the characters used to write the name; the pronunciation /kara/ (transcriptionally *kala) is certain."[5]. In Japanese, Gaya is referred to as Mimana (任那), a name with considerable political connotations (see below).

History

Gaya (Kaya), Baekje, Silla, and Goguryeo.

According to a legend recorded in the Samguk Yusa written in the 13th century, in the year 42 CE, six eggs descended from the heaven with a message that they would be kings. Six boys were born, and within 12 days they grew mature. One of them, named Suro, became the king of Geumgwan Gaya, and the other five founded the remaining five Gayas, namely Daegaya, Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, and Sogaya[6].

The Gaya polities evolved out of the chiefly political structures of the twelve tribes of the ancient Byeonhan, one of the Samhan confederacies. The loosely organized chiefdoms resolved into six Gaya groups, centered around Geumgwan Gaya. On the basis of archaeological sources as well as limited written records, scholars such as Sin have identified the late 3rd century as a period of transition from Byeonhan to Gaya, with increasing military activity and changing funerary customs[7]. Sin[8] further argues that this was associated with the replacement of the previous elite in some principalities (including Daegaya) by elements from Buyeo, who brought a more militaristic ideology and style of rule.

The Gaya Confederacy disintegrated under pressure from Goguryeo between 391 and 412 AD, although the last Gaya polities remained independent until they were conquered by Silla in 562 AD, as punishment for assisting Baekje in a war against Silla. (see Daegaya).

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Economy

Map showing the approximate location of selected Gaya polities relative to Silla and Baekje.

Polities were situated in the alluvial flats of tributary river valleys and the mouth of the Nakdong. In particular, the mouth of the Nakdong has fertile plains, direct access to the sea, and rich iron deposits. Gaya polities had economies that were based on agriculture, fishing, casting, and long-distance trade. They were particularly known for its iron-working, as Byeonhan had been before it. Gaya polities exported abundant quantities of iron ore, iron armor, and other weaponry to Baekje and the Kingdom of Wa in Yamato period Japan. In contrast to the largely commercial and non-political ties of Byeonhan, Gaya polities seem to have attempted to maintain strong political ties with those kingdoms as well.

Politics

Several ancient historical records list a number of polities of Gaya. For example, Goryeo Saryak (고려사략; 高麗史略) lists five: Geumgwan Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, Bihwa Gaya, Ara Gaya, and Seongsan Gaya.

The various Gaya polities formed a confederacy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries that was centered around the heartland of Geumgwan Gaya in modern Gimhae. After a period of decline, the confederacy was revived around the turn of the 5th and 6th centuries, this time it was centred around Daegaya of modern Goryeong. However, it was unable to defend itself against the incursions and attacks of the neighboring kingdom of Silla.

Political and trade relations with Japan are a matter of controversy. Archaeological evidence suggests that Gaya polities were the main exporter of technology and culture to Kyushu at that time. Japanese publicists during the twentieth-century looked to the controversial Nihonshoki, which claims that Gaya (named "Mimana" also "Kara" in Japanese) was a military outpost of Japan during the Yamato period (300-710). However, this theory is widely rejected even in Japan as there was no Japanese dynasty at the time which had a strong enough military power to conquer Gaya or any other part of Korea.[9][10][11] The technology of Gaya was much more advanced than that of the Japanese dynasties of the time.[9][10][11] While there is absolutely no evidence to support this contention, it has nonetheless been advocated at various times by the Japanese press to justify the Japanese colonization of Korea (1910-1945).[12][13][14][15]

Gallery

Gold crown and accessories.

Horn-shaped cup from Gaya that may illustrate connection of Persian culture through the Silk Road to Korea.

Gaya pottery at the National Museum of Korea.

Shield ornaments excavated from the Daeseong-dong cemetery site in Gimhae.

This iron helmet illustrates the skill of iron-working and importance of iron from the Nakdong River valley.

Gaya Crown

A Gaya soldier

See also

References

  1. ↑ (2001). Kaya. In The Penguin Archaeological Guide, edited by Paul Bahn, pp. 228-229. Penguin, London.
  2. ↑ Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives, pp. 179-200. Curzon, London.
  3. ↑ Barnes 2001:188-198.
  4. ↑ Barnes 2001:182-184.
  5. ↑ Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present (Princeton University Press, 2009: ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2), p. 105.
  6. ↑ Barnes 2001:180-182.
  7. ↑ Sin, K.C. (2000). Relations between Kaya and Wa in the third to fourth centuries AD. Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2(3-4), 112-122.
  8. ↑ Sin, K.C. (2000).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/paekch_e.html
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kenneth B. Lee (1997). "4. Korea and Early Japan, 200 B.C. -700 A.D.". Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 31 ~ 35p. ISBN 027595823X. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 0521223520. 
  12. ↑ Alexis Dudden, 'Japan's colonization of Korea: Discourse and power,' University of Hawaii Press, 2006
  13. ↑ http://kennedy.byu.edu/research/korea/eval.php
  14. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=5yPU1Nc0ai8C&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=japan+ruled+kaya&source=web&ots=j0DNQxPZSO&sig=bfWSh5TILi6i8CSnoL3VO-VYemw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA157,M1
  15. ↑ Lee, Peter H & Wm. Theodore De Bary. Sources of Korean Tradition, page 14. Columbia University Press, 1997. ISBN 0231105673